Evidence and its limits
Several sources.
Not one cause answer.
These are veterinary and welfare education sources, not reviewers of this website. Source checking is not independent clinical review.
UC Davis: Inappropriate Mounting
University veterinary education on possible contexts, medical assessment and the use of an event record.
ASPCA: Mounting and Masturbation
Welfare education on mounting across sexes and contexts, medical possibilities and caution about aggression.
VCA: Why does my spayed or neutered puppy still hump?
Young-dog context and persistence after a spay or neuter; not an assessment of an individual procedure.
VCA: Neutering and Behavior
Individual veterinary discussion of behavior, risks, benefits and timing. No surgical advice is provided here.
Wisconsin Humane Society: Humping/Mounting
Welfare education on different contexts. Its universal dominance wording is not treated as agreement with all other sources.
AVSAB: Position Statements
Professional association position on humane, reward-based methods. It has not reviewed this site or endorsed a provider here.
Where the wording differs
UC Davis describes dominance as rare, VCA says it is not a common explanation, ASPCA includes social status or control, and Wisconsin Humane Society rejects a dominance explanation. We do not flatten those differences into a universal claim. A mounting episode alone does not establish a household rank.
Why there is no physical interruption recipe here
Some sources include physical management examples that differ from each other. We do not combine them into instructions to push, pull, grab a collar, tether or restrain a dog. UC Davis warns about physical punishment and bites during interruption; ASPCA advises against attempting interruption if aggression may occur. AVSAB's humane-method position guides the non-punitive boundaries of this site.
What is original
The four-event ledger, the side-by-side record structure and the fictional cushion example are our editorial work. They are not validated clinical instruments or research findings. They do not infer a cause, supply treatment or measure a normal frequency.